The effect of cattle foot traffic on soil compaction in a silvo-pastoral system

In India, small farmers have generally found that the growing of eucalypts as a cash crop provides poor returns, and many have reverted to growing annual crops. Farmgate prices have been much lower than retail prices, due to the existence of middlemen, and retail prices have fallen to lower levels than expected as markets have become saturated. This article describes the situation in eastern Gujarant, where farmers sold their eucalypts directly to buyers at prices close to those in organised wood markets. An important reason for this unusual situation is the absence in Gujarat of controls on eucalyptus sales, which has helped producers to avoid dependence on rent-seeking intermediaries. The survey shows that growing eucalyptus can be a profitable activity for small farmers, given the right circumstances.     

竹业在社会主义新农村建设中的作用及应注意的问题——以龙游县为例

以龙游县为例,分析了竹业富民、生态环境保护、乡村绿化和景观改善、农村剩余劳动力就地安置、农民素质提高等竹业在社会主义新农村建设中的作用,提出了竹林立地生产力衰退、竹产业链环节的利益分配、竹业生产中的环境恶化等方面的现实问题及解决这些问题的建议。     

Attributes of People’s Organisations and the institutional viability of selected Community-Based Forest Management projects in northern Luzon

An assessment was made of the attributes of People’s Organisations (POs) and of the institutional viability of Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) programs in three project sites in the Philippines. In CBFM, the capacity of People’s Organisations, as de facto managers of forest resources, is being developed by non-government organisations under the guidance of local government units (LGUs) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). A survey was conducted of community members (case informants) and members of the various agencies (key informants) to ascertain the characteristics of successful POs and the relationship between these characteristics and the viability of CBFM. Although commendable contributions have been made to the forest management capability of POs, their standard of living and environmental conditions, there are also many instances in which institutional conflict among stakeholders is apparent. The great challenge for the various stakeholders is to orchestrate their differing interests so as to address successfully the critical issues of the low socioeconomic status of PO members, corruption, lack of transparency and accountability of the organisations involved, loss of interest of PO members in project activities, lack of technical assistance, loss of credibility of the DENR, and lack of equitable benefit sharing.     

Classifying tree planters and non planters in a subsistence farming system using a discriminant analytical approach

Since the 1970s tree planting has been promoted to meet the multipurpose needs of subsistence farmers and to arrest deforestation in many developing countries. Financial support and extension systems were developed as tree growing outside the forest became more important. The limited success of the forest extension approaches used in the 1980s has been attributed to the failure to ascertain householders' priorities and attitudes to tree growing. Although the broader theoretical paradigm of factors influencing householders' planting of trees has been discussed household and regional level analyses are rare. This study used discriminant analysis to assess the extent to which social and economic factors affect smallholder farmer tree planting in Orissa, eastern India. The validity of the predictive model to define the different groups was tested by assessing the accuracy of classification. The significance of the factors was probed using the identified variables in the discriminant functions developed for smallholder farmers in the coastal and inland zones of Orissa. The results contradicted some common assumptions that only large landowners with a substantial income are innovators. The likelihood of adopting agroforestry is dependent on the progressive attitude of farmers, membership of village organisations, their wealth status and, more importantly, their perceived risk concerning agricultural production. This approach enables tree planters and non-planters to be characterised and hence give better targetting of planning and social forestry programmes.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

供磷水平对‘热研5号'柱花草-根瘤菌共生体系的影响

为研究不同供磷水平对热研5号柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis‘Reyan No.5')-根瘤菌共生体系的影响,利用水培试验对接种7株不同根瘤菌的柱花草进行3个磷浓度的处理,通过对柱花草干重、植株含氮量、根瘤数、固氮酶活性的测定及分析确定磷对共生体系的影响。结果表明:低磷不利于柱花草及根瘤菌共生体系的生长;菌株YM11-1,FS3-1-1在高磷时固氮促生效果最佳,菌株LZ3 2,RJS9-2,BS1-1,CJ1则在中等磷条件下固氮促生效果最佳,磷对菌株PN13-3的影响不大。     

‘热引19号’坚尼草选育研究报告

1998年从澳大利亚引入坚尼草TD58(Panicum maximum‘TD58')后,相继完成适应性评价、品种比较试验、区域试验和生产试验,2007年选育而成‘热引19号'坚尼草(P.maximum'Reyin NO.19')。结果表明:该品种年均干草产量达21753.02 kg·hm~(-2),种子年均产量为800.05 kg·hm~(-2),营养价值适中,且耐低温、耐荫、耐旱、花期晚,综合性状均优于对照品种,是适合于我国南方热带亚热带地区推广种植的牧草新品种。     

热激处理对甜柿外植体总酚含量和PAL、PPO、POD活性的影响

甜柿在组织培养过程中极易褐化,为了防止褐变,在培养之前应对外植体进行热激处理。文中研究了热激处理后的宝华甜柿叶片在培养过程中其酚类物质含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化情况,并对热激处理抑制组培褐变的生理机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明:热激处理后,宝华甜柿叶片的褐变程度比没有处理的明显减轻,其总酚含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)及多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均有所降低,但热激处理对其过氧化物酶(POD)活性的抑制效果并不明显,说明热激处理通过降低外植体的PAL及PPO活性,抑制酚类物质的合成及氧化,减少了褐变产物——醌类物质的形成,从而有效抑制了褐变现象的发生。     

鸡蛋花植物文化和国内栽培历史

鸡蛋花原产美洲热带地区,现已广泛种植于热带亚热带地区。除园林观赏外,其花可食用、药用,且寓意丰富。据考证,鸡蛋花在我国已有300多年的栽培历史。本文从自然分布、相关文化以及引入中国时间考证三个方面对鸡蛋花作系统而全面的介绍。     

美洲黑杨杂交良种‘鲁林9号杨’离体再生体系的建立

以‘鲁林9号杨’无菌叶片与叶柄作为外植体,建立‘鲁林9号杨’的离体再生体系。结果表明,叶片诱导不定芽的最佳培养基为1/2 MS+0.3 mg·L^-16-BA+0.15 mg·L^-1NAA,诱导出芽率为100%,平均出芽数为10.83个;叶柄诱导不定芽的最佳培养基为1/2 MS+0.5 mg·L^-16-BA+0.1 mg·L^-1NAA,诱导出芽率为94%,平均出芽数为5.67个;不定芽生根的最佳培养基为1/2MS+0.15 mg·L^-1IBA+0.03 mg·L^-1NAA,其生根率为95.2%,平均每株生根5条。组培苗炼苗移栽成活率达95%。该研究旨在建立‘鲁林9号杨’的离体再生体系,为‘鲁林9号杨’品种遗传改良和分子生物学研究等提供试验基础,为培育高品质、速生、高抗的杨树新品种奠定理论基础。     

乡村振兴背景下惠农信息获取路径优化研究

[目的/意义]在乡村振兴背景下,中国农村经济迎来了一个新的发展阶段,大量的惠农信息向农民群体传递。虽然目前农民获取惠农信息的路径众多,但在获取惠农信息的过程中仍存在着众多阻碍。[方法/过程]本文通过问卷调查的研究方法,调查农民群体获取惠农信息的路径,简要阐述现有的获取惠农信息路径的情况。[结论/结果]分析发现,农民在惠农信息的获取过程中存在一定障碍,针对各路径的障碍,本文通过从全信息视角对政府惠农信息的获取路径进行具体解析。从全信息中语法信息、语义信息和语用信息的3个方面对现有路径进行改善,从形式、内容含义和价值方面进行准确判断,进而优化惠农信息的获取路径。